Different Sources of Fund used by Dexus Limited and GPT Group

(I) Different sources of funds used by chosen companies

Source of funds in Dexus limited company:

• Short term debts
• Long term debts
• Common stock
• Retained earnings
• Accumulated other comprehensive income
• Other equity

In the GPT group company same sources of funds are used.

(ii) Evolution of source of funds used by company over last three years

Dexus limited company:

• Short term debts- In the aspect of this company, it can be find out they had taken short term loan of $316 million in year 2016, $149 million in year 2017 and $205 million in year 2018. This is indicating that company is taking loan of different amount in all three years.

• Long term debts- In the aspect of this company, it can be find out they had taken long term loan of $3371 million in year 2016, $2698 million in year 2017 and $3155 in year 2018. It shows that this company is depending largely on long term loan. This is so because percentage of long term has been increased year by year in a significant manner.

• Retained earnings-  Such as in the context of this company, it can be find out that their value of retained earnings was of $1634 million in year 2016 which raised year by year. In year 2017, this was of $2373 and 2018, it was of $3616 (Beneda, 2016). This is indicating that company's financial position is quite strong as their retained earnings amount is increasing in a significant manner in all three years.

• Common stock-  In the context of above company, it can be find out that their common stock's value was of $5910 million in year 2016, $6402 million in year 2017 and $6404 million in year 2018. It is indicating that company is generating funds by issuing of shares.

• Accumulated other comprehensive income-  It involves unrealized gains and losses listed in the balance sheet equity segment that are offset below-retained earnings. In the aspect of this company, it can be find out that their other comprehensive income was of $43 million in year 2016 which remained same in year 2017 and 2018.

• Other equity- This is also an important source of finance, whose value is different in all three years for above company. Such as in year 2016, this was of $9 million which became negative and became of ($16 million) in year 2018.

GPT group:

• Short term debts- This company had short term debts of $49 million in year 2016 and in year 2017, it was of $49 million . While in year 2018, they had debt of $20 million.
• Long term debts- This company had long term debts of $2948 million in year 2016 and in year 2017, it was of $3281 million . While in year 2018, they had debt of $3599 million.
• Retained earnings- This company had retained earnings of $124 million in year 2016 and in year 2017, it was of $950 million . While in year 2018, they had earnings of $1945 million (Cheng and Kung, 2016).
• Common stock- This company had common stock of $8130 million in year 2016 and in year 2017, it was of $8141 million . While in year 2018, they had stock of $8152 million.
• Accumulated comprehensive income- This company had other income of $16 million in year 2016 and in year 2017, it was of $9 million. While in year 2018, they had other income of ($8 million).
• Other equity-  This company had other equity of $13 million in year 2016 and in year 2017, it was of $8 million. While in year 2018, they had other equities of $13 million).

(iii) Identify the percentage of the fund that is internally generated and the percentage of the fund that is externally generated for each selected company

There are defined internally funds which are generated by both company in particular percentage such as:

 Internally funds are generated by companies by internal activities and in the funding sources consist of retained earning profits, any loan, start up and any additional portion of invest funding (Darrat and et. al, 2016).

Dexus limited company:

• Loan from partners: The company take loan from partners who are working together in this business and contribution about 5%.

• Equity issuance: The contribution of this fund about 3% from the equity.

• Sale of assets: When company require fund for internal activities so they are selling out unused assets which is about 10% in company.

• Recover from insurance: The company claim on particular policy which is recovered in  particular year and contribution about 5%.

GPT Group:

• Retained earning profits: It is earned by the business when they are selling out any assets and control on the working capital so helps to raise fund about 5%.
• Interest from loan: The company give loan to different company and take interest on principal amount that helps to business that is about 3%.
• Fixed assets on hand: In emergency case company sale out the fixed assets which is useful source and percentage about 15%.

Externally funds are raised by the business from outside sources. There are defined different sources of both companies:

Dexus limited company:

• Leasing: It contributes about 5% in the business.
• Bank Overdraft: The contribution of this fund about 10% in the company.
• Equity capital: Most of the fund generate from this source like 20%.

GPT Group:

• Venture capital: 20% fund arrange by company from this source.
• Term loans: 15% contribution from this source (Djatmiko, Maulani and Nirmalasari, 2017).

(iv) Explain the relative merits and shortcomings of the different sources of fund used by your selected companies

Both companies are getting funds from similar source of funds. Each source of funds has some limitations and benefits which are mentioned below in such manner:

1. Short term debt: This can be defined as a type of loan which is taken by business entities for short time period. Under it companies take financial loan for less then one year.

Benefits-

• Fast approval- It is key benefit of this source of fund that this can be approved by financial institutions in quick time period.
• Lower interest rate- In this source of fund, companies needed to pay a lower interest rate on the debt amount.

Drawback-

• Due to this companies' credit score gets effected negatively. It is one of they issue of this source of fund.
• As well as higher transaction is also a main drawback of this source of fund.

2. Long term debt- This can be defined as a type of loan which is taken by business entities for long time period. Under it companies take financial loan for more then one year.

Benefits-

• Long-term loans give business banks and insurance firms a very good chance to invest their excess funds.
• Another importance of the lengthy-term loan is that by the time it is beneficial or useful to it, the government can repay it. It can later transfer these debts at a lower rate as well.

Drawback:

• Long-term loans are mostly taken to finance wars or to conduct a large program of public works. If an outside threat is to be met by a country, these long-term loans are inevitable and are therefore justified (Goh and et. al, 2016).
• It consumes too much time in order to make repayment of loans.

3. Retained earnings- It can be defined as a portion of profit which is remained after making payment to shareholders. This is a kinds of additional income that is kept as reserve.

Benefit:

• Retained earnings are one of the cheapest forms of funding as they do not require floatation costs such as raising money by selling various types of shares.
• This source of fund allow companies' financial structure to remain flexible.

Drawbacks:

• Management may exploit the retained earnings by exploiting the stock market value of the company.
• Increased use of retained earnings results in the firm's monopoly behaviour.

4. Common stock- Common stock is a a kind of possession of corporation equity, a kind of defence. Although widely used in other parts of the world are the terms legislative share and common share; "common stock" is generally used in the United States.

Benefit:

• A business that issues common stocks on the financial markets uses them as an alternative to loans because they are less costly.
• By help of this funds can be generated in quick time period.

Drawback:

• This is risky for companies as they are needed to make payment of dividend.
• Companies can not generate higher amount of funds from this source of finance (Kong, Radhakrishnan and Tsang, 2017).

(v) Critically examine different types of liabilities shown in the balance sheet of your selected companies? Identify which ones of the liabilities are interest bearing and which ones are not interest is bearing

Dexus limited company:

GPT group:

(vi) Critically examine the key provisions under the AASB 137 ‘Provisions, Contingent liabilities and Contingent assets

AASB 137 is a standard which is applied by the companies for the contingent assets which is a possible asset that origin from the past activities and whose creation will be confirmed only by the occurrence or non occurrence or more uncertain future activities not completely control the entity.

Provisions: It is different from other liabilities like accounts payable and accrual because of there is uncertainty about the amount and timing so according to that required to settle all the expenditure (Mishra and Singh, 2017). In broad manner:

• Accounts payable define as a liabilities which is utilised by the company for the goods as well as services have been supplied or received. These are based on the invoice and agreed with the supplier.
• Accruals are liabilities that pay by the company for goods & services that has been revived or supplied but have not been paid, invoiced or formally accepted by the supplier. Many times it is less than for provisions due to arise uncertainty.  

Relationship between provisions and contingent liabilities: In a general sense, all provisions are uncertain due to face uncertainty in regarding of time or amount. Therefore, through this standard the term, contingent is utilised for liabilities as well as assets that are not identified due to have presence will be confirmed through the happening or non happening of more uncertain future activities not control of the activities. Additionally, the particular term is known as contingent term which is utilised for different liabilities and do not reach on the recognition criteria.

Contingent Liabilities: These liabilities are not disclosed and liable for obligation unless the possibility of an outflow of resources substantiate economical advantageous is remove. When the entities is obliged for the different portion so expected to be met through other parties which are treated all the liabilities as contingent. These are identified for particular part where no reliable assumption can be made.   

Contingent Assets: These assets are disclosed when inflow of the economic benefit is probable. Contingent assets are continue assure about all the improvements which are appropriately reflected on the financial statement that are produced by the organisation. If it has almost inflow for the economic benefits so it links with the income which are identified and realisation of assets which is not a contingent assets and recognition is appropriate.

(vii) Identify if your selected companies have made any reference to this particular standard (AASB 137) in their annual reports

AASB 137 refers as a liability of uncertain timing or amount. The ED does not use provisions which is described as a term alternatively proposes using the term as a non financial liability which consist of different aspects of provisions or non financial liabilities. The particular standard are applied by the both companies and according to set all the provisions, liabilities and asserts in systematic manner (Ormazabal, 2018).

Contingent liabilities: These are not identified as liabilities due to they are either such as:

• Possible obligation: It has to be acceptable however the business organisation has a present obligation that could advantage to an escape of materials personify by economic advantages.  
• Present obligation: These are related with the particular criteria that set by the standard due to outflow of resources settle by the company for the economic benefits and obligation can not be made.

They are not disclose all the liabilities if it is not profitable and not provide economic benefits. These are followed same for contingent assets in effective manner. According to standards Both companies are produce provisions and reduce the uncertainties regarding time and amount.

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(viii) Identify all different categories of assets recorded by the selected companies

The assets are categorised by the companies according to their nature and recorded in the balance sheet. These are classified into current, non current, physical, intangible, non operating and operating (Shabana, Buchholtz and Carroll, 2017). There are defined assets of both companies such as:

Dexus limited company

GPT group

(ix) Critically examine the measurement basis used by the company for each class of assets recoded by the selected companies

To measure the assets of company used different methods of different types of assets that categorised according to their nature. Both companies are used these methods as following:

• Cash and cash equivalents: These are type of current assets which are measuring at amortised cost or fair value is not likely to manufacturer materially on different amounts.
• Marketable securities: These are traded in the public market and value can be identified through prices and attained through public market. These are analysed on the historical cost in effective manner (Vann, 2016).
• Trade receivable and accounts receivable: They are usually reportable on the net realizable value and approximately on the fair value which is depended on the predication of collectability.
• Inventories:These assets are measured on lower cost of market value whichever is less than. In this cost consist of cost of purchase, cost of inventories and all the other costs that carry out the present location.
• Investment Property: These property can be recorded on fair value model or fair model to measure the assets. Profit and loss arising from a change in the fair value of investment property are identified through income statement.
• Non current assets: Both companies have different types of non current assets which are measured on the revaluation model as well as cost model.
• Fixed assets: On fixed assets mostly companies applied different types of depreciation method according to set guidelines and follow from past activities. Depreciation methods are straight line method and double line method.
• Intangible assets: There are consisting of different types of assets like goodwill, patent, trademark. All the assets are measured on the cost model or revaluation model to calculate actual amount of the assets (Wong, 2016).

CONCLUSION

As per the above discussion is concluded that corporate accounting is essential branch of the accounting that helps to organisation to prepare the all financial statements in appropriate manner. There are applied all the standards which is followed by the Australian companies. The companies are follow the standard of AASB 137 that based on the provisions, continent assets and liabilities which are essential of the company and recorded according to standard. Both company generate funds from interest and external sources to run business activities and categorised liabilities and assets according to nature like fixed, current and non current.

REFERENCES

• Al-Sartawi, A. M. M., 2018. Institutional ownership, social responsibility, corporate governance and online financial disclosure. International Journal of Critical Accounting. 10(3-4). pp.241-256.
• Beneda, N. L., 2016. Does hedge accounting under SFAS 133 increase the information content of earnings: Evidence from the US oil and gas industry. Journal of Corporate Accounting & Finance. 27(5). pp.11-20.
• Cheng, C. L. and Kung, F. H., 2016. The effects of mandatory corporate social responsibility policy on accounting conservatism. Review of Accounting and Finance. 15(1). pp.2-20.
• Darrat, A. F. and et. al, 2016. Corporate governance and bankruptcy risk. Journal of Accounting, Auditing & Finance. 31(2). pp.163-202.
• Djatmiko, M. B., Husain, A., Maulani, G. and Nirmalasari, L., 2017. Analyze and Record a Series of Corporate Sales Transactions On Web Based Accounting Online System. Aptisi Transactions On Management. 1(2). pp.103-115.

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