Contemporary Society in a Global World

1. OVERVIEW

This shows the literature to present the evidence on impact of remittances and migration on migrant sending countries, communities and households.

• Migration in respect to globalisation.
• The main objective of this research is to understand impact of remittance and migration in various aspects such as economic development, impact on household, investment and labour allocation decisions.
• Long term impact on the remittances on growth perspective which involves effect on labour force and participation.

Migration in context of globalisation:

Migration is a way to moving from one place to another in order to avail new opportunities so that one can settle temporary or permanently. The moving from the home to another place for specific work and job is known as migration. There are various reason for migration such as to have better life, better education and globalisation etc. can be the causes for migration. As the migration can be from one city to another city or one country to another country. The people who migrate from one country to another is the part of globalisation. This helps in the reducing of unemployment by developing better job opportunities. The migration make impact on the directly both hosting and sending country (Faiste, 2013). As the sending country will lost skills and talent of their country and similarly hosting country will get some new talent which will be helpful in development of their country. For example. The person name John is planning to migrant from United Kingdom to Turkey due to the job purpose as this will aid in learning new skills and talent. This knowledge can be applied by person in their origin country in various ways and it depends on various conditions which are as follows:

• The migrants have learnt new skills and knowledge abroad.
• These new skills are useful in their areas of origin.
• The migrants are willing and able to apply these new skills which learned at new place.

According to Collyer and et.al., 2013, the migrant will get to learn many new skills by going global and one can use these skills at their home society when they return back from their working place. The above condition can be not be met by the unskilled worker as because they might not have learned many new skills. These skills may also not be useful in the rural areas. The study shows that unskilled migrants doing some semi skilled work and acquired some of few skills abroad. As migrant who did received some training are able to use these skills at their home town. This study shows that on return migration to Armenia, Georgia and Morocco shows that a considerable number of migrants have acquired some skill such as vocational skills, technical skills, language skill, work organisation skills and ethics etc. are skills which learned by migrants. The globalisation helps an individual to gain and acquire some new skills by migrating from one place to another place.

Impact of migration and remittance

Migration refers to the moving of a person to intercity or international city. As this is related with labour migration.

Remittances are defined as the monetary transfers which is sent from overseas migrants to their family back home. The migration and remittance make impact on the host country which can be positive from one author viewpoint while from other author it can be the negative. These impact are discussed as below:

Household income / poverty:

According to Prabal and Ratha, 2012, this is expected and obvious that economic migration should have positive effect on migrant sending households. The economic migrate with the aim of sending remittances when they do so it will lead to an increase in the household income and reduced in poverty. The various studies regarding to the migration and remittance shows that remittance is helpful in increasing income of migrant households and eliminate poverty to some extent. The migrant and remittance process helps in increasing the per capita income of person and improve lifestyle of their relatives. This study indicated positive impact of this process on household income.

In the counter view points, according to Bilgili, 2013, this is not important that all migrants are able or willing to send the remittances to their family. As according to research, there are very few household who receives the remittance. This means that there is some migrant who are not sending money to their households so migration will no have always positive impact on level of household.

Investment decisions:

The remittances are spent is very debatable question now-days as migrant households are more or less spent on the consumption. On this, Adams and et.al, 2012, have presented three different views which are as follows:

The neutral view:

The remittances are similarly to same other money and spent in same way as other income sources. In this view, migrants are less likely to spend their money on the investment.

The pessimistic view:

Migration and remittances change household's spending behaviour in a manner which is less beneficial for development. As they are likely to spend on consumption only and kind of investment that they is not so productive to economy of host country.

The optimistic view:

The migrants households are more likely to invest in the productive investment such as human capital.

Economic growth:

This is a part of macro economic level which shows the effects on economic growth. As according to Irene Fensore, 2016, remittance have positive effect on the economic growth. The aggregated demand can be helpful in the increased spending financed by remittances. The remittance could better credit restraint when financial systems are weak. As migrant could maker finance investment in education and health. So these investment made by the migrant can be helpful in growth of economy.

According to Anghel, R. G., 2013, argues that studies and has their viewpoints. As this research shows that labour supply responses of recipient households likely to find that remittance will decrease the growth of economy. If migrant does not make investment in human capital and physical capital then it would make directly impact on economy growth.

Labour market:

According to the Amuedo – Dorantes and Prozo, 2012, At the individual level, migration and remittances may have on the household level. This can affect the labour force participation and supply in various ways such by reducing supply of labour and increasing the reservation wages for which individuals are willing to work. The migration can cut down the unemployment level to certain extent as when unemployed worker leaves country than it result in increase the wages of those who staying behind. International migration and remittances lean to cut down household supply of labour and participation but these supply are effected by the gender. The male and female labour supply decreases with higher level of remittances in Mexico. The migration also make effect on the labour market and there will be more supply of labour in a particular market. As labour market of host country will receive more resources and new talent while the sending country will lost the talent and labour supply will be less in market. However hosting country's economy gets grow substantially and sender country's economy can be weaken.

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Inflations:

Inflation is also a part of macro economic variable of country. The big remittances inflows may affect the inflation rate in countries of origin. Remittance can enhance the inflation rates through direct or indirect impacts. The expenditure which incurred in remittances can affect aggregate demand and also have indirect multiplier impacts (Giddens, 2015). As impact on the economy as combined is some multiple of remittance income. However, this might results in rise of price which is also known as inflation in some part of economy. Remittance increase inflation when there is fixed exchange rate and it decreases inflation when there is flexible exchange rates. According to study, the remittance increase the inflation during long run and there is no effect in short time period. So the studies shows that some how it make impact on inflations of country. The migration also make impact on the inflation rate of hosting country. As when large number of people migrate to one country than however this will make impact on inflation rate of country. By the migration, the inflation rate gets increases of a particular country.

These are the remittance and migration impact with the author viewpoints and counter arguments which effect various sector of economy.

Positive and negative impact of migration:

The migration can have the different kind of impact and these can be positive or negative. These are discussed as below:

Positive impact:

The positive impact of migration is that it is helpful in the reduction of unemployment and people will get better opportunities in host country. With help of migration, one can improve their quality of life of people as because they will learn new culture. The people will improve their social life as by learning new culture, customs and languages. Apart from this, skilled worker who migrate to new country leads to economic growth of hosting country (Herbert, 2017).

Negative impact:

The negative impact of migration is that it will make competitive environment for the hosting country people and the sending country will also loss a talent which could contribute in country's economy. The migration will increase the population of hosting country and somehow this will make pressure on natural resources and amenities. Apart from this, the migration increases the slum areas in city which increase some problems like unhygienic conditions and crimes also.

Key challenges and issues faced in migration by host country

Migration refers to changing residence across national boundaries, which can be classified as legal or illegal immigration. Legal immigrants move from one place to another with the host country's legal permission, whereas illegal immigrants are those who enter a country without the host nation's permission. A third type, known as forced migration, occurs when individuals are compelled to move against their will, often for reasons such as employment or business opportunities.

There are various challenges and issues faced by the host country during migration. For example, immigrant integration, which refers to the process of economic mobility and social inclusion for newcomers and their children, is vital for societal development, encompassing childhood care, education, workforce development, and healthcare. However, successful immigrant integration can be hindered by economic weaknesses and social or cultural exclusion. Educational differences and age gaps also create barriers to building successful immigrant communities, leading to challenges in workforce development that do not meet organizational needs.

For instance, as a host country, Turkey seeks specific qualities in its labor force to meet company demands, but issues arise when employees cannot fulfill these roles as desired. Globalization has enhanced business and operational activities across nations, resulting in varying organizational demands in different countries. Another challenge for the host country is providing adequate healthcare facilities and ensuring the well-being of those who migrate for employment. Protecting the health of staff and offering medical and insurance facilities involve costs that organizations may be reluctant to bear. This reluctance creates barriers to migration, as individuals may hesitate to move to host nations for job opportunities. For students seeking assignment help, understanding these complexities is crucial for analyzing migration-related issues (Kaufmann, 2017).

There are various social services which are important for a host country to provide its employees and their family members. It has included children's education, health and safety etc. But it is key challenge in context to migration to provide social services to the employees because there are lots of employees who work in company so it is not easy to take care about the social services of all workers because it needs expenses to make social services. There is also one more key challenge and issue which is competition of job among native workers and immigrants. There are tough competition between persons because all individuals wants better opportunities so that they can make their future successful and bright and achieve its targets. So there is challenge in front of turkey to provide more job opportunity to its native workers or immigrants and there are difference among them on the basis of following things such as : on the basis of key skills, culture and working environment.

Differences in language is a key challenge and issue for a person who want to visit in host country because there is differentiation on the basis of language among different countries. So it is important for an individual to understand the language so that it can effectively perform its roles and duties in an organisational at host nation. So that employees can know what information has been communicated and how it have to perform its roles and duties to achieve the organisational goals and objectives. 

There is another challenge in context to migration that is culture differentiation and due to it an individual faces the challenges to work in host country due to the organisational culture and environment differentiation. As a result it is not easy for a person to perform as per the needs and requirements of company. There is another challenge in context to migration that is an attitude and behaviour which is required to perform in host country. All persons have distinct working style, attitude and behaviour towards its work but it is challenge to perform roles and duties as per the needs of organisation in host country. So it is essential to find the solutions for key challenges and issues is important in context to host country so that persons can easily survive in host nation (Noon, Blyton and Morrell, 2013).

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 Key challenges and issued faced in remittance by host country

Remittance refers to transfer of funds by an individual to its origin country via wire, online transfer etc. Role of remittance is increasing in context to economies of small and developing developing nations across the globe. A person can transfer funds from Turkey to its origin nation so that it can transfer its savings to their family members. In globalisation context remittance play a vital role for the growth and success of a country. Turkey is a major recipient in terms of remittance and its shows approx 17 % of its exports of merchandise and far surpass official development assistance and foreign direct investment. Country focuses to the importance of remittance because it is a source of generating foreign exchange. There are various challenges which can be arise such as : remittance is a key challenge for a host country because when persons sends or transfer money from Turkey to their origin country than its currency can be minimise. As a result host nations can face the issue in context to currency because it is transfer to other nation so host country can not use that money for the development and growth of its nation. Availability of cash can be reduce in the host nation when employees transfer money to their origin country. According to Ratha, remittance could play a key role as a powerful anti-poverty force because they tend to maximize the income of households in the developing world.

There is another challenge in context to remittance that is lack of proper information which is associated to transfer the funds from one nation to another. An employees does not have sufficient knowledge that what is the procedure of transfer of funds in host country and what are rules and compliances a person have to follow. As a result an individual cannot transfer money form one country to another without the proper guidance of regulatory authority and institutions of host nation. International Bank Account Number is needed for transfer of money from one country to another. 

There is another key challenge and issue in context to remittance that is persons does not aware that through which account they can transfer money from host country to origin country because there is different account is needed to transfer the amount from one nation to another nation. The large remittance flows could leads to currency appreciation, with negative consequences on the exports, destabilisation of weak economies and rise in inflation. These adverse situations can be develops in host nations which is a key challenge to control it. Other key challenge and issue is associated with the aggravate regional inequalities among receiving and non- receiving areas (RennieShort, 2013).

There is a key challenge and issue which can be face by host country that is to put pressure on senders, leading to the deterioration of living conditions of individuals. Remittance transfer market pose key issues not only in the market competition or consumer safety but also within a wider set of regulatory frameworks. In today's global market complexity is increasing in context to multilateral stakeholders from national to international levels in both recipient and sending nations. So to address these challenges which are associated to barriers can impact the remittance.

There is another key challenge and issue which is associated to remittance that is lack of adequate information about host countries fund transfer organisations, banks or other channels. Remittance service providers are money transfer operators which involves post offices, financial institutions and banks. Inefficiency in work of these institutions and banks can create the problem of fund transfer in host country as a result an individual can not transfer money to its origin nation. Due to lack of knowledge about the use of mobile network operators is a challenge for an employee because it can not transfer funds on time in effective manner. So to find the solution of key challenges and issues are important because it provides help the host country to earn foreign exchange. There are various types of issues are discussed above which are needed to be eliminate so that host country does not face negative influences of it.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, it can be said that migration plays an important role in the development of a country. Migration is beneficial at a global level, helping people learn new skills and enhance their capacities. However, there are various issues and challenges faced by the host country during migration. Similarly, during remittance, both the host country and individuals encounter challenges that impact the economy. This summary generated provides an overview of the key points discussed.

REFERENCES

Books and Journal

Adams and et.al., 2008 "The impact of remittances on poverty and inequality in Ghana”, World Bank, Washington, DC.

Albrow, M., 2012. Global Age. The Wiley"Blackwell Encyclopedia of Globalization.

Amin, S., 2014. Capitalism in the age of globalization: The management of contemporary society. Zed Books Ltd..

Amuedo-Dorantes, Catalina and Susan Pozo, 2012 Remittance Income Volatility and Labor Supply in Mexico. Southern Economic Journal: October 2012, Vol. 79, No. 2, pp. 257-276.

Archibugi, D., Koenig-Archibugi, M. and Marchetti, R. eds., 2011. Global democracy: Normative and empirical perspectives. Cambridge University Press.

Bilgili and Ozge, 2013, The links between economic integration and remittances behaviour of migrants in the Netherlands, UNU-MERIT Working Paper 2013-037

Collyer and et.al., 2013 ‘Migration and skills in Armenia, Georgia and Morocco - Comparing the survey results’, ETF Working Paper

De Swaan, A., 2013. Words of the world: The global language system. John Wiley & Sons.

Faist, T., 2013. The mobility turn: a new paradigm for the social sciences?. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 36(11). pp.1637-1646.

Giddens, T., 2015. Introduction. In Graphic Justice (pp. 15-21). Routledge.

Herbert, D., 2017.Religion and civil society: Rethinking public religion in the contemporary world. Routledge.

Kaufmann, V., 2017. Re-thinking mobility: contemporary sociology. Routledge.

Merchant, C., 2012. Radical ecology: The search for a livable world. Routledge.

Noon, M., Blyton, P. and Morrell, K., 2013. The realities of work: Experiencing work and employment in contemporary society. Macmillan International Higher Education.

Prabal K. De and Dilip Ratha (2012) Impact of remittances on household income, asset and human capital: evidence from Sri Lanka, Migration and Development, 1:1, 163-179

Rennie-Short, J., 2013. Global metropolitan: Globalizing cities in a capitalist world. Routledge.

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