Disease Management Strategies & Prevention

The report will evaluate the demographic feature of school and its surrounding community. It will also describe the epidemiology and etiology of obesity in community. The document will outline the intervention and communication strategy for the issue mentioned above. It will also provide an evaluation framework for achieving the objectives of disease prevention.

Demographic specifications of Brunswick East primary school and surrounding community

The school is situated in Brunswick East which is suburb of city of Moreland. According to Census QuickStats (2016), the population of community in the region is around 11,504 and it has 2696 families. In comparison to other suburb-profiles of Moreland city Brunswick east regions has higher percentage of young people. Approx 53 % of the community is between the age group of 20 to 38 years. The school is made environmentally sustainable by its joint efforts with Moreland council. Special funds are also provided for disable children.

The majority of the population (62 %) is natural habitant of Australia while other habitants are migrants from China, Italy, England and New Zealand. Mostly flat dwelling structures are used in area but it also has separate house, semi-detached and row housing. NCD are more vulnerable in people with obesity and overweight. According to Health and Wellbeing Profile (2017), in 2012 the suburb observed increment in obesity among people. It resulted in 3 adults out of 5 to be more prone to chronic diseases due to weight imbalance. Though in 2014 the issue was controlled and there was a minor decline of 0.3% in number of obese people and 9.4 % decline in those of overweight category.

Due to these factors it is also observed that Moreland city, including Brunswick east has higher prevalence of chronic diseases like diabetes, cancer and kidney disorders. Between the year 2006 and 2011, the diabetic patients increases by 161%. This huge increment even continued after 2014. The obesity and lack of physical activity make individuals more prone to these chronic diseases. Most of the population living in Brunswick east is professional and educated. 65.5% people speaks English while other commonly used languages are Italian (9.2 %), Greek (2.5 %). The region is does not have specific religious dominance. Almost 39.4 % residents does not follow any religion while 26.5 % are catholic (Brunswick East profile, 2016). The unemployment rate in the locality is 5.5%.

In the total population living in Brunswick east 62.1 % belongs to age group of above 15 years and who are employed for full-time in labour force. The inhabitants are engaged in various occupations such as professional, education, retail, health care, manufacturing and information media services. From 2016 statistics of demography it is also analysed that almost 24 % people use car as the transportation mode and 7 % people uses ferry. There is very diminished percentage of only 2 % people who used to walk for the transportation. This fact also indicates that the residents used to prefer vehicles instead of walking. The lower percentage of walking or physical activity is another significant cause for increasing rate of obesity and overweight category of groups. The Brunswick east primary school has attendance rate of 93 % and total number of students is nearly 350. The multicultural diversity is also visible within school as 31 % of students have English as their second language instead of primary language. The average income per week of people in area this area is $740.

Etiology and epidemiology of obesity and overweight

The increasing rate of obesity and higher weight can be due to number of reasons. The major factors defining etiology and controlling mechanism of obesity are as follows.

Life style and unhealthy food choices:

One of the key factor which contributes to obesity is improper choice of food. Processed and fast foods, diet intake which is rich in fat and sugar can increase the weight. The eating mechanism of communities in Brunswick east is also not regulated. For instance comfort eating and eating more than that is required increases body fat and make individuals physically unfit. Alcohol consumption is also leading factor in contributing towards the issue (Williams & et.al., 2015). Communities must focus on adopting healthy living. It will not only help them to maintain ideal body weight but will also develop healthy routine styles in children from the early stages only. The vegetables, fruits and unrefined fruits can be very effective to address the issue. The healthy eating habits can be nourished from the family level only. The primary schools can also support in this initiative. The breakfast and food supplied in school must be healthy as well as rich in nutritional values.

Genetic factors and surrounding environment:

Certain genetic disorders causes the obesity in individuals from childhood only. Thus, parents and teachers of Brunswick east must take this fact into account. It proper care is not taken then childhood obesity is more likely to convert into adulthood as well. Similarly, the families in the community in which parents are overweight there are good possibilities that obesity factor will also be inherited by the next generation. The childhood obesity can be controlled. For example if family has tendency to less concern about being overweight or obese then eating pattern of children will also be improper and unhealthy (Mead & et.al., 2017). Thus, it is the responsibility of family to make their children healthy. They must develop habits of healthy living so that by following them children can also learn. If children are conscious about eating habits then, family must support and encourage them in their good practices instead of discouraging them.

Physical inactivity:

This is one of the most common and significant reason for the obesity n Brunswick east. Most of the people use transportation mode and avoid their direct involvement in physical activities which can burn their extra calories. As compare to previous years, children have become more inactive. They spend their most of the time in front of electronic gadgets and television without participating in active games (Styne & et.al., 2017). Along with the children parents also used to prefer gadgets or other facilities to minimize their effort. It results in increasing weight.

In order to cope up with the situation residents of Brunswick east must make attempts which enhances their physical involvement. For example the walk to school program supported by the Victoria government can motivate students so that they can walk to their school instead of using cabs or cars. It will also encourage families to walk for the purpose of dropping their kids to school (Walk or ride to school, 2018). Brunswick east communities must make it their routine to perform workouts on daily basis. It will also teach children the importance of staying healthy and fit. Thus, from childhood children will be conscious about their health factor and body weight (Sahoo & et.al., 2015).

Medications:

Certain diseases and medications are also responsible for increasing weight. And it is very difficult to compensate or recover from this type of obesity or weight gain resulting from adverse effect of medications or diseases. For example hypothyroidism and cushing's syndrome leads to excessive weight gain (Colquitt & et.al., 2016). Similarly, medications used in asthma, depression and diabetes are also major factor in increasing the number of obese people in Brunswick east. The effective method to avoid such adverse effects is to follow strict nutritional intake and exercises which can neutralise the increased weight. Awareness must be created among people regarding these adverse drug reactions so that people can control the issue.

Justification for selection of community

For implementation of disease prevention and management in context of obesity and overweight community of Brunswick east has been chosen. The obesity must be considered serious issue from childhood. However, most of the people including adults does not take this issue seriously until it cause something serious to their health. Thus, it is necessary that program management approaches must be encountered at the basic level. When communities will have awareness about the risk and treatment of obesity then they will surely support these strategies and will guide the children in their family.

This approach will help to address the issue from initial stage and thus prevent its development to more severe levels. With the support of communities families, children as well as teachers all can inspire to adopt healthy life style (Brownell & Walsh, 2017). Another reason for choosing community is that community can promote physical activities and healthy food intake. For example the community can make it common practice to ensure that all children in schools are provided healthy food and physical education is essentially provided to them. These efforts can be highly productive in elimination of obesity concern to a great extent. For this purpose community can be considered as the best group initiative for prevention of obesity.

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Interventions for prevention and management of obesity and overweight

The weight management is considered as more easy and convenient approach as compare to the weight loss. For prevention and management of obesity and excessive weight following interventions can be used:

Intervention 1: 5A approach: This approach can be considered as very effective for managing the weight. It can be used for both adults and children of Brunswick east community. The approach is implemented in following five stages.

Intervention 2: Another intervention for eliminating obesity is to create awareness. Most of the community members are not concerned or aware that they are overweight and obese. It is also analysed that they believe that being overweight is normal and it is not disease which requires care and attention. Thus, responsible authorities must make efforts to encourage individuals for actively participating in weight manage. It is also helpful to provide them details such as when people need assistance or guidance to control their weight. The body mass index and regular weight measurements can be suitable tools for this purpose.

Intervention 3: Different strategies can be used by the community to promote the physical activities and exercises. Like as mentioned above the primary school can continue programs such as “Walk to school” in which walking is encouraged instead of vehicles. Similarly, sports events must be organised in schools so that from childhood interest towards outdoor games can be developed. In the teaching schedule of schools sports sessions can be made compulsory so that all students and teachers can involve in it.

Intervention 4: Another significant cause for obesity is that families are not supportive for weight management and thus children are always demotivated. It leads to development of unhealthy eating practices quickly (Williams & et.al., 2015). Thus, families must be guided through weight management programs so that they can help and participate in controlling and maintaining their weight.

Intervention 5: It is also evaluated that most of the community members of Brunswick east does not have any idea about what they are eating and consuming. They simply consider the factors like cost, taste and affordability for choosing their food. Thus, it is necessary for the health authorities to enhance the knowledge of nutritional information for each food. It will help individuals to select their food intake wisely. The diet and food has significant impact on weight management.

Communication strategy used in disease prevention

Communication planning and strategy are important factor that change the attitude, awareness, behaviour change and support for the work over time. This strategy is identifying the specific need and requirement of patient. In Brunswick east, there are many people face challenges because of obesity. There are several factors that contribute to prevent the obesity and weight losing. Most of the people concern about the diseases to communicate with the doctor and medical supervisor. There are following communication strategy and planning such as:

• Develop and pretest messages- This is important strategy and planning for developing the pretest message and patient awareness about the treatment. It is required for providing the best treatment. In Brunswick east, many patient aware about the diseases and their impact.
• Adapt and develop material and test- this strategy applicable for adopting new technology and technique to identifying the problem behind obesity. According to Brunswick east, Most of the health department provide the best facility and services (Campbell-Scherer & et.al., 2014).
• Access current situations- access situation and adopt according to the need and requirement. There are various people face challenges diseases which required for develop the best communication strategy to understand the problem and needs.
• Set communication goals and objectives- communication is the best platform for understand the requirement of people. Communication strategy set up their own goals and target. They also fulfil the need and requirement of people. Much health professional communicate with the patient regarding the obesity and their treatment. For interacting with the patients build trust and provide more awareness of obesity.
• Implement evaluate and modify the plan- health department implements new plans and strategy for achieving their goals and objectives. It is required for health professional to change their plans. They also modify according to the situations and requirement (Ratcliffe & Ellison, 2015). This health professional continuously provide messages to client regarding the health and diseases.

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Evaluating framework for managing and preventing obesity

For evaluating the effectiveness of the interventions it is required to monitor their performance through outcomes. The monitoring can be achieved by using following evaluation framework.

CONCLUSION

From the report it can be concluded that for sustaining growth and development it is necessary to prevent and control the non-communicable diseases which are one of the biggest cause of deaths. The report has explained the demography of Brunswick east primary school and epidemiology of obesity in the communities nearby school. It has also provided justification for the selection of communities over other stakeholders of school in disease prevention program. The document has explained the various interventions which can be used by the communities of Brunswick east to prevent and manage issues of overweight and obesity. It will help economy by reducing the chronic diseases. The report has also explained the communication strategies and evaluation of framework for disease prevention. Thus, it can be concluded from the report that disease prevention can be achieved only by joint efforts of communities and government authorities.

REFERENCES

• Brownell, K. D., & Walsh, B. T. (Eds.). (2017). Eating disorders and obesity: A comprehensive handbook. Guilford Publications.
• Campbell-Scherer, D. L., Asselin, J., & et.al., (2014). Implementation and evaluation of the 5As framework of obesity management in primary care: design of the 5As Team (5AsT) randomized control trial.Implementation Science. 9(1). 78.
• Colquitt, J. L., Loveman, E., & et.al., (2016). Diet, physical activity, and behavioural interventions for the treatment of overweight or obesity in preschool children up to the age of 6 years. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. (3).
• Mead, E., Brown, T., & et.al., (2017). Diet, physical activity and behavioural interventions for the treatment of overweight or obese children from the age of 6 to 11 years. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews.(6).
• Moore, G. F., Audrey, S., & et.al., (2015). Process evaluation of complex interventions: Medical Research Council guidance.bmj. 350. h3258.
• Ratcliffe, D., & Ellison, N. (2015). Obesity and internalized weight stigma: A formulation model for an emerging psychological problem. Behavioural and cognitive psychotherapy. 43(2). 239-252.
• Sahoo, K., Sahoo, B., & et.al., (2015). Childhood obesity: causes and consequences. Journal of family medicine and primary care.4(2). 187.
• Styne, D. M., Arslanian, S. A., & et.al., (2017). Pediatric obesity—assessment, treatment, and prevention: an Endocrine Society Clinical Practice guideline. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism.102(3). 709-757.
• Williams, E. P., Mesidor, M., & et.al., (2015). Overweight and obesity: prevalence, consequences, and causes of a growing public health problem. Current obesity reports. 4(3). 363-370.
• Yanovski, S. Z., & Yanovski, J. A. (2014). Long-term drug treatment for obesity: a systematic and clinical review. Jama.311(1). 74-86.

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