Anatomy and Physiology Part B

PART B

The skin as a sense organ

The skin is the largest organ of the body which is placed throughout the body. It is the interface between organism and environment. There are approx three million microorganism are present on skin per cm². There are layers of skin which are the epidermis and dermis including the hypodermis, hair follicles, sebaceous and sweat gland, smooth muscle and the vascular elements (Tortora and Derrickson, 2017). There are fibres present which are collagen to provide strength, elastin to stretch, reticular fibres to help spread mechanical forces. The dermis consist of two layers are the papillary layer, the reticular layer. In between the papillary dermis and the epidermis, basal membrane is present. The skin perform various function and they are below.

• With in the skin a keratin protein is present which provide toughness. A subcutaneous fat is present beneath the skin which protects the body from external trauma.
• Skin act as barrier as various microorganism are present on the skin which creates infection, swelling, pain, pyrexia and other responses.
• Beneath the subcutaneous layer arteries and vein are linked which responses lose or conserve heat by blood flow.

The types of sensory receptors and their location on the skin

Sensory Receptors is the multicellular structure or specialized cell that gather message from the environment. These are the neurologic organs or structure in all tissues and cells which gives information to the Central Nervous system through the means of various neurons with respect to the condition of tissues. They are presented in end-to-end to the tissues that make up the mastication system (Algahtani and et. al., 2017).

There are many types of sensory receptors are found on skin that is Cutaneous chemoreceptors End bulbs of Krause (cold) Meisners corpuscle (changes in texture, slow vibrations) Ruffinis end organ (skin stretch) Pacinian Corpuscle (deep pressure, fast vibrations). Location of Sensory Receptors on the Skinthat is cutaneous which located in the epidermis and dermis of skin, it is the part of somatosensory system consider cutaneous mechanoreceptors, thermoreceptors (temperature) nicireceptors (pain). Hence, all are related with areas of dense innervation including lips, facial hairs, gingival and buccal surfaces.

How physical or chemical stimuli are collected by sensory receptors, converted to electrical signals and transmitted to the central nervous System

Sensory receptors can be define as nerve endings or neurons which are responsible for responding to changes in the environment by converting particular stimulus into an action. Thus, the whole process is known as transduction. However, stimuli or stimulus is something which leads to a reaction in an organ or a cell (Roebuck, 2018). Physical stimuli include temperature, pain, pressure and so on. Whereas, chemical stimuli include liquid, gas or solid which are able to produce a response.

Different types of physical and chemical stimuli are collected by different sensory receptors. Cells of the receptors are classified as cell types, position and function. Stimuli from the different sources are collected and change into electrical signals of the nervous system (McCance and Huether, 2018). This happens when a particular stimulus change the potential of cell membrane of a sensory neuron. The stimulus make the sensory cell to develop an action potential which is relayed into the central nervous system, where it accommodate with several sensory information.

CONCLUSION

The above report has been concluded that integumentary system can be described as a sensory part of human body which response against environment. It consist sensory receptors to respond against different stimuli.

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